Renia Kukieka in Budapest, 1944. Yet the opportunities their disguises afforded them were remarkably effective. As men, women, the elderly and children were ordered to strip, a dozen women suddenly attacked their persecutors, scratching, biting and hurling stones. Judy Batalionthe granddaughter of Polish Holocaust survivorstakes us back to 1939 and introduces us to Renia Kukielka, a weapons smuggler and messenger who risked death traveling across occupied Poland on foot and by train. Jewish Resistance in Poland: Women Trample Nazi Soldiers, ran a New York headline in late 1942. Virago 558pp 20. The Lake County Captains announced a new ownership group Jan. 17. The Jewish underground obtained expensive fake papers that established Renias identity as a Catholic Pole. I am able to do this work because of other women who paid me and supported me professionally to carry out this type of work. Then just 1 a week for full website and app access. She felt weighed down by the womens accounts of being sexually assaulted by Nazis, of soldiers stomping on Jewish babies and of mass murder committed before their eyes. The people who had survived, or had survived long enough to write about their experiences, were characters that I could focus on, because they had left more detailed, robust stories, she explains. Batalion hit the research jackpot at Warsaws new Polin Museum of the History of Polish Jews, where an archivist directed her to thousands of pages of information about Jewish resistance fighters. She and "It was an underground library,"she remembered many years later. I dashed off a book proposal and committed to diving into two years of intensive, focused research.. The last chapter was on Hannah Szenes, but before that were 175 pages of stories about other Jewish women who fought Nazis, Batalion tells Haaretz in a phone interview. Watching the ghetto burn from the Aryan side of the perimeter wall, she noted not only the horror but also the heroism of the six-week battle that marked the first urban uprising against the Nazis of any underground movement during the war. Credit: Ghetto Fighters House Museum, Photo Archive, A Nazi Love Story About a Mass Murderer Who Got Away, The Road Not Taken: The Divergent Paths of Two Jewish Brothers From Warsaw, Picasso, Dior, Auschwitz and an Ayatollah: Uncovering a Secret Jewish Family History. There she joined master courier Lonka Kozibrodska, who travelled throughout Poland transporting weapons, documents and even an archive. Although not physically strong, she spied on the Nazis, smuggled weapons into the ghettos and crossed heavily patrolled borders. Through this painstaking work, she has managed to reconstruct a history that had been lost for decades in fact, one that has never been properly told: how Jewish women resisted the Nazi occupation in Poland. The story of Renia Kukielka could so easily have slipped through the cracks. Yet it also provokes anger that it has taken some 75 years for these stories to themselves see the light of day and for these acts of heroism finally to be acknowledged. By looking at these factors, we can begin to understand how histories are written, how they reflect the concerns of the historian, and how complex they truly are. Discovering that Renia Kukielka, a truly courageous standout heroine of WWII, was also my cousin has awakened a new kind of resilience in me. So often, when their vulnerable outpourings were not received with empathy, women turned inward and repressed their experiences. For them, Renia Kukielka wrote in her memoir, killing a person was easier than smoking a cigarette.. It was so important to start afresh. Subscribe to leave a comment. Judy Batalion I thought if they could get through the horrific challenges they faced, I can definitely get through this.. Batalion sees a great hunger for these stories at the current moment. View a list of stores and vendors. Add your comment! Donald Trumps election as president, with the misogyny and anti-Semitism that she saw churned up in its wake, pushed Batalion to go all in and craft the ghetto girls stories into a work of narrative nonfiction. And then, on the other hand, theres the smallness. Renia Kukielka sewed fake IDs into her skirts to save Jewish lives in German-occupied Poland. They learned how to make lethal Molotov cocktails and fling them at German supply trains. They were so passionate about it, this was so important to them. And in part thanks to such acts of female heroism, armed Jewish resistance broke out in Auschwitz and other death camps. Winds ESE at 10 to 20 mph. Many of these female rebels were not believed, accused of sleeping their way to safety, or blamed for abandoning their families to fight. Why has it taken so long for these stories to finally be told and for these women to get their three lines in history, as one young ghetto activist puts it? Both within post-war Palestine and later Israel, witness testimony was at times exploited, edited and even censored. In one raid, they threw a Nazi soldier alive into a crematorium where millions of Jews bodies had been incinerated. Join the conversation with other Spectator readers. While these fighter women may have tried to create happy families after the war, their children often felt ashamed of their outsider, refugee parents. The Harnacks and their circle of friends, including the famous Lutheran pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Arvids cousin, believed Hitler would be rejected by the German people. Batalion, 44 this month, is currently co-writing the screenplay, and while no director is currently attached, many of the true stories here feel like something from the mind of Quentin Tarantino (think Inglorious Basterds) rather than a more traditional Holocaust drama like Schindlers List., Take, for example, the story of Bela Hazan, a fearless 19-year-old from southeastern Poland who took a job working in, of all places, a Gestapo office. Renia Kukieka in Budapest, 1944. In all, 30,000 Jews joined partisan units in European forests, a significant number of them women, despite the rough treatment (including rape) they often received at the hands of male comrades. Email: padrealex@yahoo.com; Twitter: @padrehoboken. Or they told them right after the war, like Renia, and that was it. I want people to know the names of these women who fought against all odds for our collective justice and liberty.. In the larger context of the war, their victories were small and their sacrifices great. Theyre convinced that Germans will revolt against this lunatic politician, Donner writes. Soon, Hitlers grip on Germany became crystal-clear when the Nazis secretly arranged for the torching of the Reichstag, the seat of the German government, in 1933 as a pretext to abolish all liberties. On Yom Hashoah, we light memorial candles and mourn the dead. The 20 young Jewish women she spotlights lived remarkable lives during World War II, and its easy to see why Steven Spielbergs Amblin Entertainment snapped up the film rights at manuscript stage in 2018. Renia Kukielka, a central figure in the books large and sometimes dizzying cast of characters, fled with her family to nearby Chmielnik as the Nazis overtook their hometown. My only reactions have been from people who helped me do research in Poland translators, research assistants, drivers, fixers and I honestly felt that they were as interested in this story as I was, she says. Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement updated 7/1/2022). Renia Kukielka sewed fake IDs into her skirts to save Jewish lives in German-occupied Poland. Indeed, a recurring question as you read the book is, when did these people ever sleep? Batalion: Every testimony I read, every memoir I read, was just so full of action they were so alive. The Light of Days: The Untold Story of Women Resistance Fighters in Hitlers Ghettos is out on Tuesday, published by William Morrow, priced $28.99. Your email address will not be published. Shed published a book-length memoir in Hebrew in 1945, which had been popular among the Jewish community in Palestine; it was excerpted into Yiddish in Women in the Ghettos then fully translated to English in 1947 with a foreword by a founder of Brandeis University. Silence was a coping mechanism for many of these women. Those who worked in bomb making factories would sabotage them by filling the supposed bombs with sand. 2023 Advance Local Media LLC. Rainfall near a half an inch. This brought home on such a personal level that I was writing about real people, she said. It was also a more Germanic Yiddish, and I grew up with a more Polish Yiddish). Much Holocaust scholarship was based on objective Nazi records, which certainly didnt contain discussions of rebellious young girls. But soon into my sleuthing, I happened to come across a 1946 anthology about dozens of young Jewish women who took similar risks. The brutal barbarism of the Nazis has been well documented: Six million Jews were systematically murdered along with millions more they deemed undesirable. Michigan had the highest population of Kukielka families in 1920. Her book is an achievement,as rigorous as it is gripping. From that moment, I was on my own, she later wrote. Perhaps the standout figure in Judy Batalions account of courageous Jewish woman resisters during World War II, Kukileka was neither an idealist nor a revolutionary but a savvy, middle-class girl who happened to find herself in a sudden and unrelenting nightmare.. The family was ultimately confined to the Jewish ghetto in their hometown. While dozens of women carried out rebellious acts, which consisted of everything from espionage missions for Moscow to flirting with Nazis, or bribing them with whisky, wine and pastries, a handful form the books narrative arc. Such cruelty is the constant theme of Batalions book, describing how after Hitler invaded Poland in 1939, the Nazis began to round up Jews for the concentration camps by emptying the ghettos. Judy Batalionthe granddaughter of Polish Holocaust survivorstakes us back to 1939 and introduces us to Renia Kukielka, a weapons smuggler and messenger who risked death traveling across occupied Poland on foot and by train. Batalion, who has so far been a quick conversationalist, having said morethan could possibly fit into a 30-minute interview,pauses. Renia herself did not promote her book; if anything, writing down her tale was therapeutic. Low around 35F. This was a horrific genocide, and these were teenagers who tried to organize to overcome.. Both events will be presented virtually, and are free, but preregistration is required at https://jwa.org and https://vilnashul.org. As a 15 In 1943 when Kukielka and her comrades received news of the Warsaw ghettos armed uprising, they knew that deportation was imminent and their own resistance escalated. Why have certain stories predominated our understanding while others have seemingly vanished? These tales lurking under the surface are finally springing to the fore, jumping from the footnotes to the main text, making herstory. Renia Kukielka was, typically, neither an idealist nor a revolutionary but a savvy, middle-class girl who happened to find herself in a sudden and unrelenting nightmare. Against terrifying, oppressive odds, Renia lived to tell her story in a memoir she began writing at 19. They forget that this is a profession, and like any profession, it has rules, strategy, . Including womens experiences helps us write a different story, one which has the potential to teach us new things about women, the Jewish people, and humanity.. One story that definitely needed to be told is that of Vitka Kempner, a partisan leader in Vilna, who had escaped through the bathroom window of her small towns synagogue to command fighters on the front line. When the Nazis occupied their native Poland, Jewish women, some barely into their teens, joined the resistance and risked their young lives to sabotage the regime. Find a copy of the Cleveland Jewish News. Immediately post-war many of these stories were shared and even published. Slowly, however, their voices disappeared. Galvanised by largely left-wing youth activists and connected by mainly female couriers, Jewish defence groups were soon staging armed attacks and operations across occupied Poland. The last place I wanted to be at that time in my life was spending my afternoons in 1943 in Warsaw emotionally, socially, intellectually, she recalls. Even some of the camps that I visited, theyre very human in size in my head they loomed so large. All the Frequent Troubles of our Days: The True Story of the Woman at the Heart of the German Resistance to Hitler, by Rebecca Donner; Little, Brown & Co.; 2021; $32. News never stops. I was slow with this book because it was so challenging emotionally, intellectually and practically. Twenty-five years ago, I dont know how many women historians would be pitching to women agents and women editors who would have been supportive.". Along with other scholars I interviewed, he suggests that a myth of Jewish passivity was perpetrated by Israels early politicians. A panel of five German judges found her guilty of treason and sentenced her to six years at a prison camp, but Hitler personally overruled the decision and ordered her to be decapitated at age 40. They built rescue networks to help other Jews to hide or flee and engaged in"moral, spiritual and cultural resistance. Renia Kukieka and her eldest granddaughter, Merav Waldman, at Meravs sisters wedding, Israel, 2008. As a professor, Mildred Harnack especially favored teaching poorer students at the University of Berlin and drew on U.S. authors chronicling poverty to help them lift themselves up. A partisan dugout in the Rudniki Forest, photograph taken in 1993. On this day, women and men have come together in this building to make a momentous decision. Renia Kukieka in Budapest, 1944. This really happened? She was the one who told me, You have to write this as a nonfiction book. Thats a huge number. The Light of Days highlights the incredible tenacity of Renia Kukielka, one of the youngest ghetto girls. In fact, I have never met one that says Hey, Im not really that good. Most salespeople just think that their natural ability is what it takes to sell. 1556332. But 2007 wasnt the right time for her to emotionally commit to such a mentally exhausting project. These were women who saw and acknowledged the truth, had the courage to act on their convictions and fought with their lives for what was fair and right, she said. One horrific practice was to dress them up in evening gowns and force them to dance just one dance with a Nazi soldier only to shoot them in the head when the dance ended. Cloudy with periods of rain. Renia Kukielka, just 15 at the outbreak of war and quickly separated from her family, is one of the remarkable women whose wartime actions makes this such gripping history. "While I was translating the book and reading about what the Germans had done to these Jewish women, I felt a great sense of shame. My children should know that their legacy includes not just fleeing, but also staying, and even running towards danger., Your email address will not be published. Our armed struggle will be an inspiration to future generations, one young fighter, a pre-war poet, called out to Zivia before attacking the Nazi soldiers storming the Warsaw ghetto. Polish Jewish resistance women, captured after the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto in 1943. We were actors in a play that had no intermission.. The Light of Days highlights the incredible tenacity of Renia Kukielka, one of the youngest ghetto girls. Together with other women, she rescued stacks of Yiddish books from the library in the city and smuggled them into the ghetto. The subject is treated sensitively, but at times this is traumatic reading. Her desire to pay tribute to as many as possible is understandable, but a simpler narrative with fewer subjects might have been even more powerful. Courier Hela Schpper, left, and Akiva leader Shoshana Langer disguised as Christians on the Aryan side of Warsaw, June 26, 1943. Credit: Ghetto Fighters House Museum, photo archive, One of Lonka Kozibrodskas forged Aryan identity cards, 1943, Credit: Ghetto Fighters House Museum, Photo archive. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. Perhaps the standout woman here, though, is the hugely appealing Renia Kukielka, whom Batalion describes as neither an idealist nor a revolutionary but a savvy, middle-class girl who happened to find herself in a sudden and unrelenting nightmare.. Id had no idea. If you purchase a product or register for an account through one of the links on our site, we may receive compensation. A German photograph of sleeping quarters inside a bunker prepared by the Jewish resistance for the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 1943, Credit: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. It is so deeply exciting for women to know that that's what our foremothers did. Because you read about In the 1980s and 1990s, however, scholars argued that the female experience differed from mens and was a valid area of study. Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the Kukielka surname lived. She visited the places that her heroines wrote and spoke about. This is well-researched, multifaceted history, raising fascinating questions about the nature of agency, resistance and testimony. Courtesy of Yad Vashem Photo Archive, Jerusalem. Batalion, who is the granddaughter of a Polish-Jewish survivor of the Holocaust, lives in New Yorkbut discovered the untold stories of these women at theBritish Library in London. There is a clear sense of what she is thinking: That this isn't about her. Batalions favorite research and writing involved the surviving ghetto girls postwar lives. She then briefly tried turning the story of Renia Kukielka into a novel, combining her wartime exploits with elements of the authors own grandmothers life. She survived a tortuous journey through hidden bunkers in Slovakia, then on to Hungary, Turkey and the ultimate destination Palestine. "And the second is the experience of women in the Holocaust, which has been addressed more and more in recent years, but certainly not before that.". Other women fled the cities and joined guerrilla groupsin the forests, or foreign resistance groups. (Courtesy of Merav Waldman) The Light of Days highlights the incredible tenacity of Renia Kukielka, one of the youngest ghetto girls. Judy Batalion introduces her groundbreaking study of Polish resistance against the Nazis by describing her 12-year search for the Jewish women who played a vital role. Haaretz.com, the online English edition of Haaretz Newspaper in Israel, gives you breaking news, analyses and opinions about Israel, the Middle East and the Jewish World. Copyright 2023 History Today Ltd. Company no. Immediately post-war many of these stories were shared and even published. Instead, they stayed and fought them. Writing my book on these women, The Light of Days, required working with a multitude of languages and monikers. Or Zivia Lubetkin, who was in her mid-20s when she played a key yet long overlooked role in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of April 1943 as part of the Jewish Fighting Organization (also known by its Polish acronym, the ZOB). To them, this is Polish history; this is their story too. At the heart of the project is an obscure Yiddish book published in 1946 titled Freuen in di Ghettos (Women in the Ghettos) chronicling these young womens tales of resistance and derring-do. Batalion stressed the importance of uncovering the stories that had been repressed. Freuen was just the starting point for The Light of Days, though. "I am a historian, I am a woman. This is a visible source of pleasure to Batalion, but she remains humble in her conversation with DW. Together, these women will go on to become the face of female Jewish resistance to the Hitler regime in And finally, in 2017, it was my literary agent who asked me, Wait, what? When you purchase an independently reviewed book through our site, we earn an affiliate commission. Over the decades, however, stories like Renias dissipated among trauma fatigue, and then a fascination in Auschwitz and the death camps. These were educated young women who could think on their feet and pass as their Aryan compatriots. When later histories were written, all too often the women tended to be depicted as passive, swept up in events rather than directing them. Its very tricky to tell a story about the Holocaust, because I want to explain the deeply horrific nature of this genocide, but I also want to tell a story of the people that fought it. Her own extensive research included revisiting numerous wartime sites across Poland, reading and watching whatever testimonies existed, and interviewing the families of the women who survived the war. This is how the historical events of that night are portrayed by historian Judy Batalion in her book The Light of Days. Judy Batalion: I was slow with this book because it was so challenging emotionally, intellectually and practically. (Beowulf Sheehan). They smuggled weapons, sabotaged the German railway and exploded major TNT charges. We have a responsibility as Germans to ensure that these memories are not forgotten, that they are passed on to the next generation. I worked on it in dribs and drabs when I could, Batalion said of her years of off-again, on-again research and writing. The WWII survivors finally started talking, aware that they needed to tell their stories before they died. Should their leader, the Jewish-Polish woman Frumka Plotnicka, use these papers to travel to The Hague and represent the Jewish people before the International Criminal Court? During the war, she became known as Little Wanda with the Braids. (Courtesy of Ghetto Fighters House Museum Photo Archive). "The first is the story of Jewish resistance in general, in particular in Poland,that is talked about so little," she explainsfrom her apartmentin New York. Them right after the war, like Renia, and these were teenagers who to. Afforded them were remarkably effective ever sleep smoking a cigarette their stories they. If anything, writing down her tale was therapeutic to make a momentous decision population of families. 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