Pioneering eforts were made by Elizabeth then feels an obligation to repay the debt in the future when the helper himself (sic) The second level underscored the socio-economic and political roots of the problem and their consequences on the childs rights and welfare (Protacio-Marcelino, 1985). They are supposed to be bakya or lacking 1975 article on the bases of Sikolohiyang Pilipino on culture and history (Enriquez, The history of psychology must be rewritten with due consideration to Asian experience and perspectives (Enriquez, 1987). Pilipino perspective, Enriquez (1992) re-conceptualized the Filipino behaviour These resulted in a body of knowledge which includes indigenous concepts and methods, in short, a psychology which is appropriate and significant to Filipinos. It nonetheless expands this scope by counting ethnic psychology and oral traditions, such as the ancestral psycho-medical systems which are based on religious experience. Filipino personality test development efforts have in fact come a long way, as can be seen in the history of psychological measurement in the Philippines. this in a continuum. aims to understand the Filipino psyche using indigenous concepts. She compared the In 1975, Carmen Santiago, a postgraduate student of psychology at U.P., did a study on pagkalalaki (no equivalent in English, but approximately, it means masculinity, maleness, manhood, or all of these) for a class under Enriquez. (Psychology 108) was concerned. The most of import facet of this definition is the Filipino orientation. They further noted that the 1970s saw tests developed in creativity, self-perception, personality and vocational testing, and the 1980s an increased interest in personality testing, with a number of researchers doing studies on the Filipino child and the Filipino adolescent. To many traditional researchers, her approach was avant-garde for she believed that it is not necessary to have a clear-cut research design nor a review of related literature before embarking on a research, especially if existing written materials are foreign to the culture being studied. Filipino values have been derived from racial strains and cultural elements such as Aeta, Indonesians, Malayan, Hindu and Chinese which formed the core of our moral conscience, cultural identity coupled with the cultural elements derived from Spain, the United States and from the modern global community, (Panopio and Rolda, 2000).These values . In contrast to the debates, there are a number of new researches that have been able to present revisions and elaborations on the basic tenets of Sikolohiyang Pilipino as articulated by Enriquez. David taught psychology in Filipino the year before he left to pursue his It is assumed that all human beings are the same and their context in time and space is not important. Isang alternatibong perspektibo kung paano ipapaliwanagnag pag-iisip, pagkilos at damdaming Pilipino, na malakiang kaibahan sa mga pananaw ng iba pang anyo ng sikolohiya sa . maintained a more mass-oriented worldview, culture, and way of life. to include Sikolohiyang Pilipino, sociology, anthropology and even economics. Since the inception of Sikolohiyang Pilipino there has been a number of issues and Ten years ago, I transitioned to a plant-based diet which left my Filipino family and friends scratching their heads. Reviews on the status of Philippine psychological measurement in the 1970s and Their The primary purpose was to equip teachers with materials that would facilitate the use of Filipino in psychology subjects. structure of Filipino values. The response to Tangcos criticism is this: While Sikolohiyang Pilipino tends to While there may be no research as yet on cross-cultural comparisons of the David taught psychology in Filipino the year before he left to pursue his Ph.D. at Temple University in Pennsylvania. The annual conferences. political movements, and community or rural psychology. consciousness, social awareness and involvement, psychology of language and For Enriquez, it is necessary to understand the experiences of many cultures and traditions before one can contribute to universal knowledge in psychology. analyzed and interpreted in the light of Western theories. This is obviously a pervasive interpretation that when Thomas Andres published the Dictionary of Filipino Culture and Values, he still defines bahala na as the Filipino attitude that makes him accept sufferings and problems, leaving everything to God. She Using the Sikolohiyang The late Virgilio Enriquez explained kapwa as the unity of the one-of-us- and-the-other and upheld that it entailed moral and normative elements that mandated people to treat one another as fellow human being, and therefore as equal, a perspective certainly inconsistent with exploitative or abusive human interactions. These questions should be accorded the same respect of the people. Not only do the poor eat different food, if they eat at all, but they also have their own tastes in leisure and entertainment. Using language interpreters and without really immersing themselves in the culture of the people, these foreign experts have published their versions of Filipino values. gratitude. (Enriquez, 1976). During his lifetime, Enriquez traveled a lot and in some cases lived for some time in If to contribute to universal knowledge, has not shown suicient proof of its version of the originally borrowed test was produced. to ulirat (lower level of physical consciousness). theories and measures into Filipino. pagtatanong- tanong (improvised informal, unstructured interview) (Pe-Pua, 1989), Enriquez for including the study of Filipino- Americans in the discourse of Thus, a poor person For Enriquez, it is necessary to understand the experiences of many cultures and from a Filipino perspective (Enriquez, 1975). Even with his Ph.D. dissertation which was written in English, he had to explain it to his father in Filipino. invariably sufers from the comparison in not too subtle attempts to put forward This is called indigenization from within (as against indigenization from without), which means looking for the indigenous psychology from within the culture itself and not just clothing a foreign body with a local dress. The most important aspect of this definition is the Filipino orientation. the following observations regarding counselling in the Philippines: Filipinos are The most important aspect of this In the 1960s, many Filipino intellectuals and scholars were already sensitive both to the inadequacy as well as the unfairness of the Western-oriented approaches to psychology. Rogelia Pe- Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Enriquez was critical of this approach to the study of Filipino values. It is thusconcerned with proper applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, andother spheres of people's daily life. to capture or express a truly Filipino psychology. Questions and Answers, Tao Te Ching by Lao Tzu (And the Other Sacred Text of Taoism), Imperyalismo at Kolonyalismo: Dahilan ng Pagsisimula ng Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig, Ang Kaugnayan ng Pisyolohikal, Kognitibo, Sikolohikal, Ispiritwal at Panlipunang Pag-unlad tungo sa Pag-unawa ng Iniisip, Nadarama at Kinikilos, Confuciunism: Confucius Philosophy and Teachings, Leonor Rivera: Why Rizal did not end up marrying his true love, Klimang Tropikal: Klima at Panahon sa Mga Rehiyon, Nagbabago ang mga ugnayan ng tao dahil sa sistema ng lipunan, Kahulugan ng Sosyalismo, Epekto, at Kahinaan nito, Lipunang Birtwal: Mga Katangian at Pamamaraan, Paano Nahuhubog Ng Tao Ang Lipunan At Ng Lipunan Ang Tao, Mga Epekto ng Pakikilahok sa Mga Gawaing Pansibiko. Because of kapwa, this pakiramdam is a participatory process in which emotions are experienced mutually. Enriquez also clarified that Sikolohiyang Pilipino is not inconsistent with a universal psychology but is actually a step towards the development of a universal psychology. In Filipino social interaction, one is immediately placed into one of these two categories; and how one is placed determines the level of interaction one is shown. damdam for feel. Through a close examination of similar bodies of knowledge in other countries, comparisons can be made. of culture, the use of the local languages and the development of a national truly determined to get answers to his questions), the research participants are free Through a close If the Several materials in the diferent areas of psychology were published. Global Indigenous Psychology 3. If the needs of the community are unearthed in the course of doing research on a different topic, and it is within the researchers capability to help, then they should help. Ph. Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino thought and experience as understood from a Filipino perspective (Enriquez, 1975). Sikolohiyang Pilipino is anchored on Filipino idea and experience every bit understood from a Filipino position ( Enriquez. Psycho-medical Religious Psychology (Sikolohiyang Siko-medikal): This tradition fuses native healing techniques and explicates it in an indigenous religious context. Filipino courage and determination are therefore reflected in the notion of Bahala-na! Its origin may be traced to the social condition in which Filipinos live which challenges them to utilize their ability in dealing with challenges and changes. And here is where pakikiramdam (sensitivity) is most needed in trying to Such a universal psychology is perhaps more of a vision than a reality. Pilipino instead of tracing these back to Western theories. While there may be differences in thinking between Salazar and Enriquez as discussed by Avila-Sta Maria (1998) we think that it is more appropriate to look at this in a continuum. It is also against the imposition to a Third World country of psychologies developed in industrialized countries. the favor is forced to show his (sic) gratitude properly by returning the favor with researcher themselves. Initial work on developing Sikolohiyang Pilipino concentrated on a type of indigenization which is based largely on simple translation of concepts, methods, theories and measures into Filipino. Sikolohiyang Pilipino recognizes the demands of universal science but it likewise appreciates the value of affirming the peculiarity and distinctiveness of man as a socio-cultural being (Enriquez, 1992, p. 27). Sikolohiyang Pilipino (First National Conference on Filipino Psychology) which was Much, but not all, of this progress is the result of efforts associated with the indigenous Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology) movement, which emphasizes (a) the development of a Filipino psychology that reflects the unique experiences and orientations of Filipinos, (b) Filipino identity and national consciousness, (c) explicit socio . It is in the cultural aspect where we witness a disparity. originating in a particular place (___) (indigenized) isinakatutubo. Thus, she advocates a critical perspective of culture and psychology that Following this debate closely is Roberto Tangco who teaches Philosophy at the University of the Philippines. Without a clear definition, the direction of the movement would not have been as focused and solid. and came up with a description of the four iliations of Philippine psychology: (a) The Academic-scientiic psychology : the Western tradition This He basically questioned Sikolohiyang Pilipinos position Using the same principles of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, social and clinical psychologists have helped battered women understand their problems in the light of the different socio-cultural conditions affecting women in Philippine society. concept of leadership among the grassroots Filipinos by developing a new tenets of scientiic endeavor are upheld. process of writing his Ph. of it. observers. What is clear, however, from the foregoing discussion is the fact that, Sikolohiyang Pilipino, several years after Enriquezs death, is alive and well and continues to interest and inspire scholars from different persuasions to give new meaning and direction to the development not only of Philippine Psychology but of the larger discourse of the social sciences. Halimbawa:Ang aklat na galing sa ibang bansa at inilagay sa isang silid-aklatan dito sa Pilipinas ay maaring maging isang bahagi na ng silid- aklatang iyon. given situation in the spirit of pakikipagkapwa. Hence, the purpose of this present research is to investigate the importance of . It attempts to discover universals by encouraging cross-indigenous perspectives, i.e., individual cultures use methods of investigation and theories that are indigenous or appropriate to their cultures, and cross-cultural comparisons made with respect to variations in these approaches. He explains that the discipline of Psychology is foreign in origin and therefore, should be given a new meaning and re-interpreted in a context relevant to Philippine life and culture. Bartolome. The first faculty member to teach the course was Jose Ma. knowledge of ones true worth, character, achievement and success. With the death of Enriquez, however, only one has managed to continue with its activities and this is the association in San Francisco, California. VirgilioEnriquez: Pioneer of Sikolohiyang Pilipino This type of psychology is already found in Philippine life and culture. Filipino behaviour has been analyzed and interpreted in the visible radiation of Western theories. other side of the divide. 1975 ) . least three (3) main core values under Sikolohiyang Pilipino: the. material for his theories from his critical understanding of culture and history. Evidently, it is the external aspect which foreign For example, the predisposition to indirectness of Filipino communication was regarded as being dishonest and socially ingratiating and reflecting a deceptive verbal description of reality (Lawless, 1969, cited in Enriquez, 1992) rather than a concern for the feelings of others. colonial/accommodative surface values; and bahala na (determination), This includes the provinces of Bulacan, Bataan, Cavite, Batangas, Rizal, Laguna, Quezon and Metro Manila. On one side of the cultural divide are Filipinos who have If one is It must be stressed at the outset though that developing a particularistic psychology such as Filipino psychology is not anti-universal inasmuch as the ultimate aim of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to contribute to universal psychology, which can be realized only if each group of people is adequately understood by themselves and from their own perspective. In many of the research methods, research psychology, housing materials written in English and in Filipino, published and From this conference, the Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (PSSP, National Association for Filipino Psychology) was born, aiming to promote Filipino thought. can give a new meaning to a word. psychological measures. the dearth of locally developed tests (Carlota, 1980; Guanzon, 1985; Lazo, 1977; He therefore also research of not being enmeshed and bound by the culture being studied has reciprocity which is useful for maintaining the image of the colonizer as benefactor. Thus there were conferences held in Tacloban, Bicol, Marawi and other places; the 1997 one was in Puerto Princesa in Palawan. As MyInfoBasket.com is yours too, feel free to always visit it, learn from its posts, log in if needed, subscribe to it, and leave some comments. It is a beautiful element of Filipino interpersonal On the mentalism-behaviorism issue, Sikolohiyang Pilipino admits both but with For instance, in the area of personality, the Western approach in research of not being enmeshed and bound by the culture being studied has resulted in a characterization of the Filipino from the judgmental and impressionistic point of view of the colonizers (Enriquez, 1992, p. 57). stance and re-examine its methodology. cannot expect people to adjust to the method; the method should adjust to the psychological measurement, Enriquezs Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao clearly stands Current Trends and Directions from a local or a foreign perspective). The Western influence can be seen more in external ways dressing, liking for hamburger and other food, Western music and dance, etc. psychology. Since then, it has been offered by Enriquez, Salazar, Pe-Pua and others. , n data over a period of time.2.a bar graph works similarly with a line graph,but it only differs in the use of bars of different heights to show different values.3.a circle graph or pie graph is used to present for porportions out of the whole.4.a chart is drawing that shows organization or relationship by using words,pictures, or symbols,or a combination of all three.5.a table is the presentation of information or data in columns and rows , Speech about persons with disabilities in English. Sikolohiyang Pilipinos principal emphasis in psychology is on identity and national Thus, it is not regionalism which divides the Filipinos. First, there should be a psychological tradition in Philippine culture before one can say that there is such a concept as Sikolohiyang Pilipino. discussed by Avila-Sta Maria (1998) we think that it is more appropriate to look at For centuries, Filipino behavior has been analyzed and interpreted in the light of Western theories. DISS He even looked beyond They look down on people on the other side of the divide. Academe responded to this call by Pilipino and charting its direction, Enriquez spearheaded several activities that have Academic Philosophic Psychology (Akademiko-pilosopiya na Sikolohiya): Western Tradition: This tradition was started by priest-professors at the University of Santo Tomas, themselves having philosophical trainings. Without a clear deinition, What is clear, however, Its philosophical antecedents include (a) empirical philosophy, academic- It is thus concerned with proper applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, and other spheres of people's daily life. But looking at utang na loob more closely in the context of Filipino culture, it by many Philippine scholars in the past (Jimenez, 1982; Feliciano, 1982; Margallo, relationships that binds a person to his or her home community or home country. To him, Sikolohiyang Pilipino exists as long as there are Filipinos. Academe responded to this call by trying to make the university more relevant to the interest of the common tao (people or mass). Ibang-Tao (one-of-us). Enriquez did not stop at hypothesis-generation (level of perceptual knowledge and experience) but rather went on to develop core concepts and theories in psychology (e.g., kapwa psychology) and linked these to the diverse realities and experiences of other cultures and ethnicities. A woman who was raped is not stripped of her dangal even though her puri was taken away. importance is attached to kamalayan (psyche), thus subsidiary importance attached From these researches, a the direction of the movement would not have been as focused and solid. inevitably culture-bound, the picture of the Filipino has been inaccurate, if not However, the internal aspect, which is at the core of his pagkatao (personality), is Asian deference for authority, modesty/humility, concern for others, etc. The test administration procedures were also Sikolohiyang Pilipino also accommodates the traditional and contemporary Filipino arts and the findings from the fields of other social sciences (anthropology, history, humanities, linguistics, sociology, and more) as sources for psychological knowledge. freer to be themselves when in a sympathetic group of friends than in a one on one (indigenous) katutubo. Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino 3. In the 1970s and 1980s there were quite a number of these organizations in the sama/lakas ng loob (resentment/guts) and pakikibaka (resistance) as (people or mass). scholars from diferent persuasions to give new meaning and direction to the, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01. There are two categories of kapwa: the Ibang-Tao (outsider) and the Hindi- Many Filipino intellectuals, It is therefore important for Sikolohiyang Pilipino to take a more critical stance and re-examine its methodology. The annual conferences are held in different regions of the country to encourage greater participation, to promote a more regional focus, and to encourage a more national view of psychology. The beginnings of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino psychology). She looked into the essential elements articulated in Sikolohiyang Pilipino in discovering the richness of indigenous knowledge, beliefs and practices as related to the various applications and areas of grassroots leadership formation. (being in-rapport/understanding/ acceptance with), or pakikisangkot (getting It is not absolutely obligatory in the But if you have pakikiramdam, you can tell from their body language or the tone of their voice that the participation they will show is half-baked, thus not valid. both physical and mental or emotional ailments. important issue towards the end of this article. be phenomenological in orientation, it has mechanisms in place to ensure that the conformity. A response to non-western critique over the Anglo-American dominance in the international academe, this discipline is the first indigenous psychology ever taught at a university. Bulatao (1978, cited in Enriquez, 1992), for example, made the following observations regarding counselling in the Philippines: Filipinos are freer to be themselves when in a sympathetic group of friends than in a one on one situation. the socio-economic and political roots of the problem and their consequences on the 1973) as a Filipino value, giving it the English translation of maintaining smooth This disenchantment continued as Filipinos struggled to assert their national and cultural identity. (Nery, 1979), pagdalaw-dalaw (visiting) (Gepigon & Francisco, 1978), and In a U.P. If this is not possible, local researchers should be tapped for assistance. Madelene Avila-Sta Maria (1998) went several steps further to critically analyze the differences in the thinking of both and pointed to several areas of debate. diferent topic, and it is within the researchers capability to help, then they should It is thus concerned with proper applications to health, agriculture, art, mass media, religion, and other spheres of people's daily life. In his Filipino personality test development Although Tangco does not say so, he is implying that Sikolohiyang Pilipinos phenomenological orientation is not scientific and cannot pass the scientific standards of objectivity, reliability and validity understood of course from a logico-positivist framework. From this principle, certain behaviors on the part of the researcher are prescribed. (Those who do not look back Sikolohiyang Filipino rescued Bahala Na! from its This psychology aims to be a science comparable to that of the natural sciences, thus approximating the laws of universality. 190191) defined it, following Kauts logic, as the principle of reciprocity incurred when an individual helps another. Greater importance is attached to kamalayan (psyche), thus subsidiary importance attached to ulirat (lower level of physical consciousness). The greatest difficulty during the first semester was the lack of a textbook. Lagmay Among the outcomes are: a body of knowledge including indigenous concepts, development of indigenous research methods and indigenous personality testing, new directions in teaching psychology, and an active participation in organizations among Filipino psychologists and social scientists, both in the Philippines and overseas. It also became home to research with a Filipino perspective; as well as an abode to individuals inspired by Enriquezs enthusiasm, who eventually made their own contribution to the growth of Sikolohiyang Pilipino. They are supposed to be bakya or lacking in sophistication (bakya refers to the traditional wooden clogs, popular among the masses who cannot afford expensive shoes). In the area of Filipino Personality, Enriquez, together with PPRH, developed the Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP) (Measure of Character and Personality) in 1975 which utilized dimensions of personality that are relevant to Filipinos. After all is said and done, the more appropriate translation of hiya in English is not shame but sense of propriety. From this conference, the Pambansang is a legacy which Enriquez has left behind, food for serious thought, for both They further noted It can be acknowledged through an award or a tribute (parangal, which is actually pa-dangal) but even without such gestures from outside, it is within you. This site is using cookies under cookie policy . The two articles included in the storyboard explain the resistance. Basic Tenets and Principles in IP? He started preparing for the teaching of psychology in Filipino, and had a number of discussions (and arguments) with friends and professors at Northwestern University such as Ernesto Kole, Lee Sechrest and Donald Campbell. However, there was no concerted efort in the 1960s to reject and correct the She proposes to de-construct the According to her, culture is not given nor static. What is the importance of Filipino psychology? for the English word happiness; pigil and timpi for control; and dama and Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a step towards contributing to universal psychology. articulated in Sikolohiyang Pilipino in discovering the richness of indigenous 1975) and a 1976 article on perspectives and directions of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Sikolohiyang Pilipino views psychology as a multi-faceted human science. psychology in the service of all mankind, but with special emphasis on the Signiicant among these is the issue of Filipino-Americans. 12. Salazar, on the other hand, continues to draw This development, in turn, inspired the mass media to use the local language in radio programs, talk shows and other official events of local and national importance to Philippine life and culture. His Western education actually drove him to be more Filipino-oriented in his teaching and research in psychology. subjects. the area was initiated by Zeus Salazar, a historian who did most of his graduate and Bartolome. Drawing from folk practices as much as from modern theory, Sikolohiyang Pilipino sees no essential contradiction between indigenous folk beliefs and modern psychological concepts and scientific norms. pakikipagkapwa (shared identity), (2) pakikiramdam (sensitivity or shared inner perception), and (3) bahala na (tacit trust) (Kapwahan, n.d.). The researcher are prescribed, Pe-Pua and others developed in industrialized countries of physical consciousness ) Sikolohiyang. A psychological tradition in Philippine culture before one can say that there is such a concept as Pilipino! Determination are therefore reflected in the storyboard explain the resistance should be accorded the same respect of the researcher prescribed. 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